List of publications including journal articles, books, book chapters, thesis, and dissertations by authors working at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory.

• Addicott JF , 1981. Stability properties of two-species models of mutualism: simulation studies. Oecologia. 49:42-49.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1979. A multispecies aphid-ant association: density dependence and species-specific effects. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 57:558-569.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1978. Competition for mutualists: aphids and ants. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 56:2903-2906.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1981. Synonymy of Aphis heraclella Davis 1919 with Aphis helianthi Monell 1879 (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canadian Entomologist. 113:167-169.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1979. On the population biology of aphids. American Naturalist. 113:760-763.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1978. Niche relationships among species of aphids feeding on fireweed. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 56:1837-1841.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1981. A modified clip cage for use with aphids and other small insects. Canadian Entomologist. 113:170-171.
  
  
• Addicott JF , 1978. The population dynamics of aphids on fireweed: a comparison of local populations and metapopulations. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 56:2554-2564.
  
  
• Addicott FT , 1977. Flower behavior in Linum lewisii: some ecological and physiological factors in opening and abscission of petals. American Midland Naturalist. 97:321-332.
  
  
• Adkisson CS , 1977. Morphological variation in North American pine grosbeaks. Wilson Bulletin. 89:380-395.
  
  
• Adkisson CS , 1981. Geographic variation in vocalizations and evolution of North American pine grosbeaks. Condor. 83:277-288.
  
  [THESIS] Adkisson CS , 1972. An analysis of morphological and vocal geographic variation in North American pine grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator). pages. Ph.D., University of Michigan .
  
  
• Adler LS , 2002. Host effects on herbivory and pollination in a hemiparasitic plant. Ecology. 83:2700-2710.
  
  [THESIS] Adler LS , 2000. Herbivory and pollination in hemiparasitic plants: effects of host plant and host-obtained alkaloids. 239 pages. Ph.D., University of California, Davis .
  
  
• Ae SA , 1958. Comparative studies of the developmental rates, hibernation, and food plants in North American Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). American Midland Naturalist. 60:84-96.
  
  
• Ae SA , 1959. A study of hybrids in Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Evolution. 13:64-88.
  
  
• Al-Dhaheri RS , Willey RL , 1996. Colonization and reproduction of the epibiotic flagellate Colacium vesiculosum (Euglenophyceae) on Daphnia pulex. Journal of Phycology. 32:770-774.
  
  [THESIS] Alarcon R , 2004. The Structure of Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Montane Meadow Environments. 270 pages. Ph.D., UC-Irvine .
  
  
• Alarcon R , Campbell DR , 2000. Absence of conspecific pollen advantage in the dynamics of an Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone. American Journal of Botany. 87:819-824. [Abstract]
  
  
• Aldridge G , Campbell DR , 2006. Asymmetrical pollen success in Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) contact sites. American Journal of Botany. 93:903-909. [PDF File]
  
  
• Aldridge G , 2005. Variation in frequency of hybrids and spatial structure among Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) contact sites. New Phytologist. :279-288.
  
  
• Alexander CP , 1943. Records and descriptions of North American craneflies (Diptera). III. Tipuloidea of the upper Gunnison Valley, Colorado. American Midland Naturalist. 29:147-179.
  
  
• Allan JD , Flecker AS , 1989. The mating biology of a mass-swarming mayfly. Animal Behaviour. 37:361-371.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1987. Macroinvertebrate drift in a Rocky Mountain stream. Hydrobiologia. 144:261-268.
  
  [CHAPTER] Allan JD , 1984. Hypothesis testing in ecological studies of aquatic insects. In: The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. (Eds:Resh VH,Rosenberg DM). Praeger, New York. 484-507.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1982. Feeding habits and prey consumption of three predaceous stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a mountain stream. Ecology. 63:26-34.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1978. Trout predation and the size composition of stream drift. Limnology and Oceanography. 23:1231-1237.
  
  
• Allan JD , Russek E , 1985. The quantification of stream drift. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 42:210-215.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1975. The distributional ecology and diversity of benthic insects in Cement Creek, Colorado. Ecology. 56:1040-1053.
  
  
• Allan JD , Flecker AS , McClintock NC , 1986. Diel epibenthic activity of mayfly nymphs, and its non-concordance with behavioral drift. Limnology and Oceanography. 31:1057-1065.
  
  
• Allan JD , Feifarek BP , 1989. Distances travelled by drifting mayfly nymphs: factors influencing return to the substrate. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 8:322-330.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1984. The size composition of invertebrate drift in a Rocky Mountain stream. Oikos. 34:68-76.
  
  [CHAPTER] Allan JD , 1983. Food consumption by trout and stoneflies in a Rocky Mountain stream, with comparison to prey standing crop. In: Dynamics of Lotic Systems. (Eds:Fontaine TD,Bartell SM). Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. 371-390.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1981. Determinants of diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a mountain stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 38:184-192.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1975. Faunal replacement: altitudinal zonation in an alpine stream. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 19:1015-1022.
  
  
• Allan JD , Flecker AS , McClintock NC , 1987. Prey preference of stoneflies: sedentary vs. mobile prey. Oikos. 49:323-332.
  
  
• Allan JD , Flecker AS , 1988. Prey preference in stoneflies: a comparative analysis of prey vulnerability. Oecologia. 76:496-503.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1985. The production ecology of Ephemoptera in a Rocky Mountain stream. Verhandlungen International Verein Limnologie. 22:3233-3237.
  
  [CHAPTER] Allan JD , 1983. Predator-prey relationships in streams. In: Stream Ecology. (Eds:Minshall GW,Barnes JR). Plenum Press, New York. 191-229.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1982. The effects of reduction in trout density on the invertebrate community of a mountain stream. Ecology. 63:1444-1455.
  
  
• Allan JD , 1978. Diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in an alpine stream. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. 20:2045-2050.
  
  
• Allan JD , Flecker AS , McClintock NL , 1987. Prey size selection by carnivorous stoneflies. Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 32 No. 4:864-872.
  
  
• Allen SE , 1988. Some thoughts on the identification of Gunnison's Red-backed Hawk (Buteo polyosoma) and why it's not a natural vagrant. Colorado Field Ornithologist. 22:9-14.
  
  
• Altshuler DL , 2006. Flight Performance and Competitive Displacement of Hummingbirds across Elevational Gradients. American Naturalist. 167:216-229.
  
  
• Alvarez M , Peckarsky BL , 2005. How do grazers affect periphyton heterogeneity in streams?. Oecologia. 142:576-587.
  
  [THESIS] Alvarez M , 2004. Ecologia de los rios temporales de la isla de Mallorca. ?? pages. Ph.D., University of Vigo, Spain .
  
  [THESIS] Andersen DC , 1975. Socio-ecology of Marmota : reproductive strategies of female yellow-bellied marmots (M. flaviventris). 51 pages. M.S., University of Kansas .
  
  
• Andersen DC , Armitage KB , Hoffman RS , 1976. Socioecology of marmots: female reproductive strategies. Ecology. 57:552-560.
  
  
• Andersen DC , Hoffmann RS , Armitage KB , 1979. Aboveground productivity and floristic structure of a high subalpine herbaceous meadow. Arctic and Alpine Research. 11:467-476.
  
  [THESIS] Andersen DC , 1975. Socio-ecology of Marmota: reproductive strategies of female yellow-bellied marmots (M. flaviventris). 51 pages. M.A., University of Kansas, Lawrence .
  
  
• Andersen DC , Johns DW , 1977. Predation by badger on yellow-bellied marmot in Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist. 22:269-286.
  
  
• Andersen DC , Armitage KB , 1976. Caloric content of Rocky Mountain subalpine and Alpine Plants. Journal of Range Management. 29:344-345.
  
  [THESIS] Andersen C , 2002. Tinajas of southern Utah: reproductive strategies and the habitat template. ?? pages. M.S., Cornell .
  
  
• Antolin MF , Addicott JF , 1988. Habitat selection and colony survival of Microsiphum valeriana Clarke (Homoptera: Aphidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 81:245-251.
  
  
• Antolin MF , Strobeck C , 1985. The population genetics of somatic mutation in plants. American Naturalist. 126:52-62.
  
  [BOOK] Apodaca LE , Bails JB , 2000. Water Quality in Alluvial Aquifers of the Southern Rocy Mountains Physiographic Province, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1997. . USGS, . 68 pages.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1965. Vernal behaviour of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Animal Behaviour. 13:59-68.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1987. Social dynamics of mammals: reproductive success, kinship, and individual fitness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2:279-284.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Salsbury CM , 1992. Factors affecting oxygen consumption in wild-caught yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 103A:729-737.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2005. Intraspecific variation in marmots. In: Contribuciones mastozoolÛgicas en homenje a Bernardo Villa. (Eds:V. S·nchez-Cordero and R.A. MedellÌn). UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN. 39-48.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1986. Individual differences in the behavior of juvenile yellow-bellied marmots. Behavioral Ecology. 18:419-424.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Johns DW , 1982. Kinship, reproductive strategies, and social dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots. Behavioral Ecology. 11:55-63.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2003. Recovery of a yellow-bellied marmot population following a weather-induced decline. In: Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. (Eds:Ramousse R,Allaine D,LeBerre M). International Network on Marmots, . 217-224.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1982. Yellow-bellied marmot. In: CRC Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates. (Eds:Davis DE). CRC Press, Cleveland, OH. 148-149.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Downhower JF , 1974. Demography of yellow-bellied marmot populations. Ecology. 55:1233-1245.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2003. Heart rates of free-ranging yellow-bellied marmots. In: Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. (Eds:Ramousse R,Allaine D,LeBerre M). International Network on Marmots, . 89-96.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1981. Sociality as a life-history tactic of ground squirrels. Oecologia. 48:36-49.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1998. Reproductive strategies of yellow-bellied marmots: energy conservation and differences between the sexes. Journal of Mammalogy. 79:385-393.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , Blumstein DT , 2002. Body-mass diversity in marmots. In: Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity. (Eds:Armitage KB,Rumiantsev VY). ABF Publishing House, Moscow. .
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1976. Scent-marking by yellow-bellied marmots. Journal of Mammalogy. 57:583-584.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1991. Social and population dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots: results from long-term research. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 22:379-407.
  
  
• Armitage KB , vanVuren DH , 2003. Individual differences and reproductive success in yellow-bellied marmots. Ethology Ecology and Evolution. 15:207-233.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 2003. Dynamics of immigration into yellow-bellied marmot colonies. Oecologia Montana. 12:15-18.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1973. Population changes and social behavior following colonization by the yellow-bellied marmot. Journal of Mammalogy. 54:842-854.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1988. Resources and social organization of ground-dwelling squirrels. In: The Ecology of Social Behavior. (Eds:Slobodchikoff CN). Academic Press, New York. 131-155.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Salsbury CM , 1993. The effect of molt on oxygen consumption of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmot flaviventris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 106A:667-670.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 2004. time reproductive success of territorial male yellow-bellied marmots. Oecologia Montana. 13:28-34.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1955. Territorial behavior in fall migrant rufous hummingbirds. Condor. 57:239-240.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1986. Individuality, social behavior, and reproductive success in yellow-bellied marmots. Ecology. 67:1186-1193.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Johns DW , Andersen DC , 1979. Cannibalism among yellow-bellied marmots. Journal of Mammalogy. 60:205-207.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Woods BC , 2003. Group hiberation does not reduce energetic costs of young yellow-bellied marmots. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 76:888-898.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1983. Hematological values for free-ranging yellow-bellied marmots. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 74A:89-93.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Downhower JF , Svendsen GE , 1976. Seasonal changes in weights of marmots. American Midland Naturalist. 96:36-51.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2003. Reproductive competition in female yellow-bellied marmots. In: Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. (Eds:Ramousse R,Allaine D,LeBerre M). International Network on Marmots, . 133-142.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1982. Marmots and coyotes: behavior of prey and predator. Journal of Mammalogy. 63:503-505.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Corona MC , 1994. Time and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots. Ibex J.M.E.. 2:1-8.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , Wynne-Edwards KE , 2002. Progesterone concentrations in wild-caught yellow-bellied marmots. In: Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity. (Eds:Armitage KB,Rumiantsev VY). ABF Publishing House, Moscow. .
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1977. Social variety in the yellow-bellied marmot: a population-behavioural system. Animal Behaviour. 25:585-593.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1991. Factors affecting corticosteroid concentrations in yellow-bellied marmots. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 89A:47-54.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Blumstein DT , Woods BC , 2003. Energetics of hibernating yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A. 134:101-114.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1996. Resource sharing and kinship in yellow-bellied marmots. In: Biodiversity in marmots. (Eds:in M. Le Berre, R. Ramousse and L. Le Guelte). UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN. 129-134.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1974. Male behaviour and territoriality in the yellow-bellied marmot. Journal of Zoology, London. 172:233-265.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1988. Marmot polygyny revisited: determinants of male and female reproductive strategies. In: Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution. (Eds:). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 303-331.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Salsbury CM , Barthelmess EL , Grey RC , Kovach A , 1996. Population time budget for the yellow-bellied marmot. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution. 8:67-95.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 2004. Badger predation on yellow-bellied marmots. American Midland Naturalist. 151:378-387.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1962. Social behaviour of a colony of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Animal Behaviour. 10:319-331.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1987. Do female yellow-bellied marmots adjust the sex ratios of their offspring?. American Naturalist. 129:501-519.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Melcher JC , Ward JM Jr, 1990. Oxygen consumption and body temperature in yellow-bellied marmot populations from montane-mesic and lowland-xeric environments. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 160:491-502.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1986. Marmot polygyny revisited: determinants of male and female reproductive strategies. In: Ecological aspects of social evolution. (Eds:D.S. Rubenstein & R.W. Wrangham). Princetion University Press, New Jersey. 303-331.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1984. Recruitment in yellow-bellied marmot populations: kinship, philopatry, and individual variability. In: Biology of Ground-Dwelling Squirrels: Annual Cycles, Behavioral Ecology, and Sociality. (Eds:Murie JO,Michener GR). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln,NE. 377-403.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , Gurri-Glass GE , 1994. Communal nesting in yellow-bellied marmots. In: Actual Problems of Marmots [sic] Investigation. (Eds:Rumiantsev V). ABF Publishing House, Moscow. 14-26.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2003. Variation in growth rates of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). In: Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. (Eds:Ramousse R,Allaine D,LeBerre M). International Network on Marmots, . 197-206.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1982. Social dynamics of juvenile marmots: role of kinship and individual variability. Behavioral Ecology. 11:33-36.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Downhower JF , 1970. Interment behavior in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Journal of Mammalogy. 51:177-178.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2003. Nesting activities of yellow-bellied marmots. In: Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. (Eds:Ramousse R,Allaine D,LeBerre M). International Network on Marmots, . 27-32.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1979. Food selectivity by yellow-bellied marmots. Journal of Mammalogy. 60:628-629.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1994. Unusual mortality in a yellow-bellied marmot population. In: Actual Problems of Marmots [sic] Investigation. (Eds:Rumiantsev V). ABF Publishing House, Moscow. 5-13.
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 2002. Social dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots: strategies for evolutionary success. In: Holarctic Marmots as a Factor of Biodiversity. (Eds:Armitage KB,Rumiantsev VY). ABF Publishing House, Moscow. .
  
  [CHAPTER] Armitage KB , 1996. dynamics, kinship, and population dynamics of marmots. In: Biodiversity in marmots. (Eds:M. Le Berre, R. Ramousse & L. Le Guelte). UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN. 113-128.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1975. Social behavior and population dynamics of marmots. Oikos. 26:341-354.
  
  
• Armitage KB , 1989. The function of kin discrimination. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution. 1:111-121.
  
  
• Armitage KB , Schwartz OA , 2000. Social enhancement of fitness in yellow-bellied marmots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 97 No. 22:12149-12152. [Abstract] [PDF File]
  
  
• Armitage KB , 2003. on plant choice by foraging yellow-bellied marmots. Oecologia Montana. 12:21-24.
  
  
• Axen AH , 2000. Variation in behavior of lycaenid larvae when attended by different ant species. Evolutionary Ecology. 14:611-625.
  
  
• Axen AH , Pierce NE , 1998. Aggregation as a cost reducing strategy for lycaenid larvae. Behavavioral Ecology. 9:109-115.
  
  
• Baker AEM , 1974. Interspecific aggressive behavior of pocket gophers Thomomys bottae and T. talpoides (Geomyidae: Rodentia). Ecology. 55:671-673.
  
  
• Baker WK , Rein A , 1962. The dichotomous action of Y chromosomes on the expression of position-effect variegation. Genetics. 47:1399-1407.
  
  
• Baker WK , 1975. Linkage disequilibrium over space and time in natural populations of Drosophila montana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 72:4095-4099.
  
  
• Baker MC , 1975. Song dialects and genetic differences in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Evolution. 29:226-241.
  
  
• Baker WK , 1980. Evolution of the alphaesterase duplication within the montana subphylad of the virilis species group of Drosophila. Genetics. 94:733-748.
  
  
• Baker MC , Spitler-Nabors KJ , Bradley DC , 1981. Early experience determines song dialect responsiveness of female sparrows. Science. 214:819-821.
  
  
• Baker WK , Blake ER , 1962. Additional evidence of Rivoli's Hummingbird in Colorado. Auk. 79:481-482.
  
  
• Barclay HG , 1941. Plant communities of the Gothic area and their successional relations. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 22:34.
  
  
• Barclay HG , 1941. A subalpine climax grassland in west-central Colorado. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 22:35.
  
  [CHAPTER] Barrell J , 19. . In: Flora of the Gunnison Basin: a study in plant distribution. 0 (Eds:). UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN. .
  
  
• Bartlett R , Willey R , 1998. Epibiosis of Colacium on Daphnia. . 25:291-299.
  
  [BOOK] Batzer DP , Rader RB , Wissinger SA , 1999. Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America. . John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1100 pages.
  
  
• Bauman WA , Meryn AS , Florant GL , 1987. Pancreatic hormones in the nonhibernating and hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrel. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 86A:241-244.
  
  
• Beaman JH , 1957. The systematics and evolution of Townsendia (Compositae). Harvard University, Gray Herbarium, Contributions. 183:1-151.
  
  
• Beasley CW , 1990. Tardigrada from Gunnison Co., Colorado, with the description of a new species of Diphascon. Southwestern Naturalist. Vol. 35 No. 3:302-304.
  
  
• Beattie AJ , Breedlove DE , Ehrlich PR , 1973. The ecology of the pollinators and predators of Frasera speciosa. Ecology. 54:81-91.
  
  
• Beattie AJ , Culver DC , 1983. The Nest Chemistry of Two Seed-Dispersing Ant SPecies. Oecologia. 56:99-103.
  
  [THESIS] Benson A , 2002. Asymmetry as an Indicator of Habitat Quality and Foraging Ability in the Arizona Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. ?? pages. M.S., Murray State College .
  
  [CHAPTER] Bierzychudek P , 1990. The demographic consequences of sexuality and apomixis in Antennaria. In: Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. (Eds:). Academic Press, New York. 294-307.
  
  
• Bierzychudek P , 1987. Pollinators increase the cost of sex by avoiding female flowers. Ecology. 68:444-447.
  
  
• Bierzychudek P , 1985. Patterns in plant parthenogenesis. Experientia. 41:1255-1264.
  
  
• Bierzychudek P , Eckhart V , 1988. Spatial segregation of the sexes of dioecious plants. American Naturalist. 132:34-43.
  
  
• Bierzychudek P , 1989. Environmental sensitivity of sexual and apomictic Antennaria: do apomicts have general-purpose genotypes?. Evolution. 43:1456-1466.
  
  [CHAPTER] Bierzychudek P , 1987. Patterns in parthenogenesis. In: The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences. (Eds:Stern S). Birkhauser, Basel. 197-217.
  
  
• Bierzychudek P , 1990. The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction in plants. Lectures on Mathematics in Life Sciences. 22:51-91.
  
  [CHAPTER] Bierzychudek P , 1987. Resolving the paradox of sexual reproduction: a review of experimental tests. In: The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences. (Eds:Stern S). Birkhauser, Basel. 163-174.
  
  
• Bihr KJ , Smith RJ , 1998. Location, Structure, and Contents of Burrows of Spermophilus Lateralis and Tamias Minimus, Two Ground Dwelling Sciurids. Southwestern Naturalist. Vol. 43 No. 3:352-362.
  
  
• Billick I , 2001. Density dependence and colony growth in the ant species Formica neorufibarbis. Journal of Animal Ecology. 70:895-905.
  
  
• Billick I , Tonkel K , 2003. The relative importance of spatial vs. temporal variability in generating a conditional mutalism. Ecology. 84:289-295.
  
  [THESIS] Billick I , 1997. Colony growth and reproduction in the ant species Formica neorufibarbis. 131 pages. Ph.D., University of California, San Diego .
  
  
• Billick I , Brown R , Reithel JS , 2005. Importance of Fertilization of Host Plants to Ant Tending and Growth Rates in Glaucopysche lygadmus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 98:491-495.
  
  
• Billick I , Weidmann M , Reithel J , 2001. The relationship between ant-tending and maternal care in the treehopper Publilia modesta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51:41-46.
  
  
• Billick I , 1999. The use of mark/recapture to measure worker number in the rock nesting species Formica neorufibaris. Insectes Sociaux. 46:256-260.
  
  
• Billick I , 2003. Worker demography in the ant Formica neorufibarbis. Ecological Entomology. 70:139-144.
  
  
• Billick I , 2002. The relationship between the distribution of worker sizes and new worker production in the ant Formica neorufibarbis. Oecologia. 132:244-249. [PDF File]
  
  
• Birkeland KW , Landry CC , 2002. Power-laws and snow avalanches. Geophysical Research Letters. 29:1554.
  
  [THESIS] Bizer JR , 1977. Life history phenomena of Ambystoma tigrinum in montane Colorado. 202 pages. Ph.D., Washington University, St. Louis, MO .
  
  
• Bizer JR , 1978. Growth rates and size at metamorphosis of high elevation populations of Ambystoma tigrinum. Oecologia. 34:175-184.
  
  
• Blair AP , 1951. Note on the herpetology of the Elk Mountains, Colorado. Copeia. 1951:239-240.
  
  
• Blake BH , 1972. The annual cycle and fat storage in two populations of golden-mantled ground squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy. 53:157-167.
  
  
• Blake BH , 1977. The effects of kidney structure and the annual cycle on water requirements in golden-mantled ground squirrels and chipmunks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 58A:413-419.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Armitage KB , 1997. Does sociality drove the evolution of communicative complexity? A comparative test with ground-dwelling sciurid alarm calls. American Naturalist. 150:179-200.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Fernandez-Juricic E , Zollner PA , Garity SC , 2005. Inter-specific variation in avian responses to human disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology. 42:943-953. [PDF File]
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Munos O , 2005. Individual, age and sex-specific information is contained in yellow-bellied marmot alarm calls. Animal Behaviour. 69:353-361.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Im S , Nicodemus A , Zugmeyer C , 2004. Yellow-bellied Marmots (Marmota Flaviventris) Hibernate Socially. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol. 85 No. 1:25-29. [PDF File]
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Armitage KB , 1999. Cooperative breeding in marmots. Oikos. 84:369-382.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Armitage KB , 1998. Life history consequences of social complexity: a comparative study of ground-dwelling sciurids. Behavioral Ecology. 9:8-19.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Patton ML , Saltzman W , 2006. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and alarm calling in free-living yellow-bellied marmots. Biology Letters. 2:29-32. [PDF File]
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Daniel JC , 2004. Yellow-bellied marmots discriminate between the alarm calls of individuals and are more responsive to calls from juveniles. Animal Behaviour. :1257-1265.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Fernandez-Juricic E , LeDee O , Larsen E , Rodriquez-Prieto I , Zugmeyer C , 2004. Avian Risk Assessment: Effects of perching height and detectability. Ethology. 110:273-285.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Daniel JC , 1997. Inter- and intraspecific variation in the acoustic habitats of three marmot species. Ethology. 103:325-338.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Armitage KB , 1997. Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls. Animal Behaviour. Vol. 53 No. 1:143-171.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , 2006. Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: how life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. Animal Behaviour. 71:389-399. [PDF File]
  
  
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• Blumstein DT , Verneyre L , Daniel JC , 2004. Reliability and the adaptive utility of discrimination among alarm callers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 271:1851-1857.
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Runyan A , Seymour M , Nicodemus A , Ozgul A , Ransler F , Im S , Stark T , Zugmeyer C , Daniel JC , 2004. Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots. Ethology. 110:615-634. [PDF File]
  
  
• Blumstein DT , Steinmetz J , Armitage KB , Daniel JC , 1997. Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: II. The importance of direct fitness. Animal Behaviour. Vol. 53 No. 1:173-184. [PDF File]
  
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• Boggs CL , 1986. Reproductive strategies of female butterflies. Ecological Entomology. 11:7-15.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Freeman KD , 2005. Larval food limitation in butterflies: effects on adult resource allocation and fitness. Oecologia. 144:353-361.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Watt WB , 1981. Population structure of pierid butterflies. IV. Genetic and physiological investment in offspring by male Colias. Oecologia. 50:320-324.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Jackson LA , 1991. Mud puddling by butterflies is not a simple matter. Ecological Entomology. 16:123-127.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1997. Dynamics of reproductive allocation from juvenile and adult feeding: radiotracer studies. Ecology. Vol. 78 No. 1:192-202.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1988. Rates of nectar feeding in butterflies: effects of sex, size, age, and sugar concentration. Functional Ecology. 2:289-295.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1987. Demography of the unsilvered morph of Speyeria mormonia (Nymphalidae) in Colorado. Journal of the Lepidopterist Society. 41:94-97.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Holdren CE , Kulahci IG , Bonebrake TC , Inouye B , Fay JP , McMillian A , Williams EH , Ehrlich PR , 2006. Delayed population explosion of an introduced butterfly. Journal of Animal Ecology. 75:466-475.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Murphy DD , 1997. Community composition in mountain ecosystems: climatic determinants of montane butterfly distributions. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters. 6:39-48.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1997. Reproductive allocation from reserves and income in butterfly species with differing adult diets. Ecology. Vol. 78 No. 1:181-191.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1990. A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects' reproduction. American Naturalist. 136:598-617.
  
  
• Boggs CL , 1987. Within population variation in the demography of Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Holarctic Ecology. 10:175-184.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Dau B , 2004. Resource specialization in puddling Lepidoptera. Enivornmental Entomology. 33:1020-1024.
  
  
• Boggs CL , Ross CL , 1993. The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ecology. 74:433-441.
  
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• Boggs CL , 1992. Resource allocation: exploring connections between foraging and life history strategies. Functional Ecology. 6:508-518.
  
  
• Bohonak A , Whiteman H , 1999. Dispersal of the fairy shrimp Branchinecta coloradensis (Anostraca): Effects of hydroperiod and salamanders. Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 44 No. 3:487-493. [PDF File]
  
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• Bohonak A , 1998. Genetic population structure of the fairy shrimp Brachinecta coloradensis (Anostraca) in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 76:2049-2057.
  
  
• Bosch M , Waser NM , 1999. Effects of Local Density on Pollination and Reproduction in Delphinium nuttallianum and Aconitum columbianum (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany. 86:871-879. [Abstract]
  
  
• Bosch M , Waser NM , 2001. Experimental manipulation of plant density and its effect on pollination and reproduction of two confamilial montane herbs. Oecologia. 126:76-83.
  
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• Brady KM , Armitage KB , 1999. Scent-marking in the yellow-bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution. 11:35-47.
  
  
• Breedlove DE , Ehrlich PR , 1972. Coevolution: patterns of legume predation by a lycaenid butterfly. Oecologia. 10:99-104.
  
  
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• Brody AK , Morita S , 2000. A positive association betwween oviposition and fruit set: female choice or manipulation?. Oikos. 124:418-425. [Abstract]
  
  
• Brody AK , Armitage KB , 1985. The effects of adult removal on dispersal of yearling yellow-bellied marmots. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63:2560-2564.
  
  
• Brody AK , 1992. Oviposition choices by a pre-dispersal seed predator (Hylemya sp.). I. Correspondence with hummingbird pollinators and the role of plant size, density, and floral morphology. Oecologia. 91:56-62.
  
  
• Brody AK , Waser NM , 1995. Oviposition patterns and larval success of a pre-dispersal seed predator attacking two confamilial host plants. Oikos. 74:447-452.
  
  
• Brody AK , Melcher JC , 1984. Infanticide in yellow-bellied marmots. Animal Behaviour. 33:673-674.
  
  
• Brody AK , 1992. Oviposition choices by a pre-dispersal seed predator (Hylemya sp.). II. A positive association between female choice and fruit set. Oecologia. 91:63-67.
  
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• Brody AK , Mitchell RJ , 1997. Effects of experimental manipulation of inflorescence size on pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation in the hummingbird-pollinated plant Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia. 110:86-93.
  
  
• Brody AK , 1997. Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology. Ecology. Vol. 78 No. 6:1624-1631.
  
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• Brown FM , 1953. Taxonomic notes on Oeneis uhleri Roskirt (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). Amer Mus Novitates. 1625:1-26.
  
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• Brugger K , 1998. A brief overview of the Quaternary History of the Taylor River Basin. . 0:.
  
  
• Brugger KA , Goldstein BS , 1998. Paleoglacier reconstruction and late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitudes, southern Sawatch Range, Colorado. . 0:.
  
  
• Brunet J , Sweet HR , 2006. Impact of insect pollinator group andn floral display size on outcrossing rate. Evolution. 60:234-246.
  
  
• Brunet J , 1992. Sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 7:79-84.
  
  
• Brunet J , 1996. Male reproductive success and variation in fruit and seed set in Aquilegia carerulea (Ranunculaceae). Ecology. Vol. 77 No. 8:2458-2471.
  
  
• Brunet J , Charlesworth D , 1995. Floral sex allocation in sequentially blooming plants. Evolution. 49:70-79.
  
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• Brussard PF , Ehrlich PR , Murphy DD , Wilcox BA , Wright J , 1985. Genetic distances and taxonomy of checkerspot butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 58:403-412.
  
  
• Brussard PF , Ehrlich PR , 1970. Adult behavior and population structure in Erebia epipsodes (Lepidoptera: Satyrininae). Ecology. 51:880-885.
  
  
• Brussard PF , 1989. Complex population differentiation in checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67:330-335.
  
  
• Brussard PF , Ehrlich PR , 1970. Contrasting population biology of two species of butterflies. Nature. 227:91-92.
  
  
• Brussard PF , 1971. Field techniques for investigations of population structure in a "ubiquitous" butterfly. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 25:22-29.
  
  
• Brussard PF , Ehrlich PR , 1970. The population structure of Erebia epipsodea (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Ecology. 51:119-129.
  
  
• Brussard PF , 1982. The role of field stations in the preservation of biological diversity. BioScience. 32:327-330.
  
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• Bucher T , Chappell M , 1992. Ventilatory and metabolic dynamics during entry into and arousal from torpor in Selasphorus hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology. 65:978-993.
  
  
• Buck P , Leventin E , 1985. Airborne pollen and mold spores in a subalpine environment. Annals of Allergy. 55:794-801.
  
  
• Buck P , 1960. Vegetational succession in subalpine ponds in the Rockies. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 49:2-6.
  
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• Buck P , Frase BA , 1993. Vascular Plants of the Gothic Area. . :.
  
  
• Bukantis RT , Peckarsky BL , 1985. Observations on the emergence and habits of adults of Agnetina capitata and Acroneuria carolinensis (Plecoptera: Perlidae). American Midland Naturalist. 114:200-204.
  
  
• Burger WL , Bragg AN , 1947. Notes on Bufo boreas (B. & G.) from the Gothic region of Colorado. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 27:61-65.
  
  
• Burger WL , 1950. Novel aspects of the life history of two Ambystomas. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science. 25:252-257.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, van der Schalie , Matthews RA , Buikema AL Jr, Rodgers JH , Herricks EE , Niederlehner BR , Cherry DS , 1980. Biological Monitoring. Water Research. 14-16:.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, 1991. Can microbial species with a cosmopolitan distribution become extinct?. Speculations in Science and Technology. 14:33-42.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, 1967. Probable existence of synergistic interactions among different species of protozoans. Revista de Biologia. 6:103-108.
  
  
• Cairns J Jr, Yongue WH Jr, 1973. The effect of an influx of new species on the diversity of protozoan communities. Revista de Biologia. 9:187-206.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, 1991. Probable consequences of a cosmopolitan distribution. Speculations in Science and Technology. 14:41-50.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, Pratt JR , 1995. Ecological restoration through behavioral change. Restoration Ecology. 3:???.
  
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• Cairns J Jr, Mccormick PV , 1991. The use of community- and ecosystem-level end points in environmental hazard assessment: a scientific and regulatory evaluation. Environmental Auditor. 2:239-248.
  
  
• Cairns J Jr, 1989. Randomizing data and the sequential comparison index. Water Pollution Control Federation, Research Journal. 61:1733-1738.
  
  
• Calder WA , 1973. The Timing of maternal behavior of the broad-tailed hummingbird preceding nest failure. Wilson Bulletin. 85:283-290.
  
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• Calder WA III, 1993. Migration of rufous hummingbirds. Wildbird. 7:42-45.
  
  
• Calder WA , 1982. Birds of the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and Vicinity. . 0:.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1972. Piracy of nesting materials from and by the broadtailed hummingbird. Condor. 74:485.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1991. A profile of persistence: territorial hummingbirds. National Geographic Research and Exploration. 7:58-69.
  
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• Calder WA III, 1985. The comparative biology of longevity and lifetime energetics. Experimental Gerontology. 20:161-170.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Waser NM , Hiebert SM , Inouye DW , Miller SM , 1983. Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broadtailed hummingbirds: a ten-year study. Oecologia. 56:359-364.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1983. Ecological scaling: mammals and birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 14:213-230.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Hiebert SM , 1982. Some energetic aspects of behavior in a montane hummingbird nesting habitat. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 14:89-94.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1976. Energy crisis of the hummingbird. Natural History. 85:24-29.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Calder LL , 1995. Size and abundance: breeding population density of the Calliope Hummingbird. Auk. 112:517-521.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA III, 1974. The consequences of body size for avian energetics. In: Avian Energetics. (Eds:Paynter RA). Nuttall Ornithological Club (Publ. No. 15), Boston. 86-151.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA III, 1993. Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). In: The Birds of North America, No. 53. (Eds:). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. 1-20.
  
  
• Calder WA , Bradley-Spencer D , Calder L , 1989. The broad-tailed Humming bird; a long-term study at Rmbl. Cooper Ornithological society. 1:1.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1973. An estimate of the heat balance of a nesting hummingbird in a chilling climate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 46A:291-300.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1992. Ten years on an aspen branch. Natural History. 101:4-8.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA III, 2002. Characteristics and constraints of incubation in hummingbirds. In: Avian Incubation: Behavior, Environment, and Evolution. (Eds:D.C. Deeming). Oxford University Press, New York. 207-222.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1987. Southbound through Colorado: migration of rufous hummingbirds. National Geographic Research. 3:40-51.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1976. Energetics of small body size and high latitude: the rufous humming bird in Coastal Alaska. International Journal of Biometearology. 20:23-35.
  
  [BOOK] Calder WA III, 1984. Size, Function and Life History. . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 431 pages.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Hiebert SM , 1983. Nectar feeding, diuresis, and electrolyte replacement of hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology. 56:325-334.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1981. Heat exchange of nesting hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 13:145-169.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Calder LL , Frazier TD , 1990. The hummingbird's restraint: a natural model for weight control. Experientia. 46:999-1002.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1975. Daylength and the hummingbird's use of time. Auk. 92:81-97.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1994. When do hummingbirds use torpor in nature?. Physiological Zoology. 67:1051-1076.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA , Calder LL , 1994. Calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope). In: The Birds of North America. 135 (Eds:Poole A,Gill F). The Academy of Natural Sciences; The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia; Washington, DC. 1-16.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1973. Microhabitat selection during nesting of hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. Ecology. 54:127-134.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1993. Hummingbird of the mountains. Wildbird. 7:32-35.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1970. Use of dipper nest by mountain bluebirds. Condor. 72:498.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA III, 1990. Avian longevity and aging. In: Genetic Effects on Aging, II. (Eds:Harrison DE). Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor. 185-204.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1979. On the temperature-dependency of optimal nectar concentrations for birds. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 78:185-196.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1984. Migration and population dynamics of hummingbirds. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 21:53-57.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Jones E , 1989. Implications of recapture data for migration of the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) in the Rocky Mountains. Auk. 106:488-489.
  
  
• Calder WA III, 1983. An allometric approach to population cycles of mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 100:275-282.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Calder WA Jr, 1972. Juvenile boreal owl in Gunnison County, Colorado. Colorado Field Ornithologist. 12:14.
  
  [CHAPTER] Calder WA III, 1975. Factors in the energy budget of mountain hummingbirds. In: Perspectives in Biophysical Ecology. (Eds:Gates DM). Springer, New York. 431-441.
  
  
• Calder WA III, Booser J , 1973. Hypothermia of broadtailed hummingbirds during incubation in nature with ecological correlations. Science. 180:751-753.
  
  
• Calhoun JB , 1951. Trapping records for RMBL, Gothic, Colorado, 1950-1951. North American Census of Small Mammals. 5:39-42.
  
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• Camfield AF , 2003. Quality of food source affects female visitation and display rates of male Broad-tailed Hummingbirds. Condor. 105:603-606.
  
  
• Camfield AF , 2006. Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 77:120-125.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Crawford M , Brody AK , Forbis TA , 2002. Resistance to pre-dispersal seed predators in a natural hybrid zone. Oecologia. 131:436-443.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 2004. Natural selection in Ipomopsis hybrid zones: implications for ecological speciation. New Phytologist. 16:83-90.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1997. Genetic and environmental variation in life-history traits of a monocarpic perennial: a decade-long field experiment. Evolution. Vol. 51 No. 2:373-382.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Wolf PG , 1995. Hierarchical Analysis of Allozymic and Morphometric variation in a Montane Herb,Ipomopsis Aggregata. Journal of Heredity. 86:386-394.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1992. Variation in sex allocation and floral morphology in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany. 79:516-521.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Price MV , 1996. Mechanisms of hummingbird-mediated selection for flower width in Ipomopsis aggregata. Ecology. Vol. 77 No. 5:1463-1472.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1989. Measurements of selection in a hermaphroditic plant: variation in male and female pollination success. Evolution. 43:318-334.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Melendez-Ackerman EJ , 1997. Analyzing pollinator-mediated selection in a plant hybrid zone: hummingbird visitation patterns on three spatial scales. American Naturalist. Vol. 149 No. 2:295-315.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , 1989. Variation in pollen flow within and among populations of Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution. 43:1444-1455.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Dooley JL , 1992. The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: comparison with models of isolation by distance. American Naturalist. 139:735-748.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Galen C , Wu CA , 2005. Ecophysiology of first and second generation hybrids in a natural plant hybrid zone. Oecologia. 144:214-225. [PDF File]
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1998. Variation in lifetime male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata: tests of sex allocation theory. American Naturalist. Vol. 152 No. 3:338-353.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 2000. Experimental tests of sex-allocation theory in plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15:227-231.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1996. Evolution of floral traits in a hermaphroditic plant: field measurements of heritabilities and genetic correlations. Evolution. Vol. 50 No. 4:1442-1453.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Price MV , Lynch EA , Mitchell RJ , 1991. Components of Phenotypic Selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution. 45:1458-1467.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1991. Comparing pollen dispersal and gene flow in a natural plant population. Evolution. 45:1965-1968.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Pederson GT , 2002. Predicting patterns of mating and potential hybridization from pollinator behavior. American Naturalist. 159:438-450. [PDF File]
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1985. Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition for pollination. Evolution. 39:418-431.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , 1994. Indirect selection of stigma position in Ipomopsis aggregata via a genetically correlated trait. Evolution. 48:55-68.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Halama KJ , 1993. Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology. 74:1043-1051.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1998. Multiple paternity in fruits of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany. Vol. 85 No. 7:1022-1027. [Abstract]
  
  
• Campbell DR , Alarcon R , Wu CA , 2003. Reproductive isolation and hybrid pollen disadvantage in Ipomopsis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 16:536-540. [PDF File]
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1997. Genetic correlation between biomass allocation to male and female functions in a natural population of Ipomopsis aggregata. Heredity. 79:606-614.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Wolf PG , 1998. Pollen transfer by natural hybrids and parental species in an Ipomopsis hybrid zone. Evolution. Vol. 52 No. 6:1602-1611.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1991. Effects of floral traits on sequential components of fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. American Naturalist. 137:713-737.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , Price MV , 1994. Indirect selection of stigma position in Ipomopsis aggregata via a genetically correlated trait. Evolution. 48:55-68.
  
  
• Campbell DR , 1989. Inflorescence size: test of the male function hypothesis. American Journal of Botany. 76:730-738.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , 2001. Genotype-by-environment interaction and the fitness of plant hybrids in the wild. Evolution. 55:669-676.
  
  
• Campbell DR , Waser NM , 1987. The evolution of plant mating systems: multilocus simulations of pollen dispersal. American Naturalist. 129:593-609.
  
  
• Carey C , 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology. 7:355-362.
  
  
• Carey C , 1979. Effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on resting and active oxygen consumption of toads, Bufo boreas. Oecologia. 39:201-212.
  
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• Carey DB , 1994. Patch dynamics of Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Lycaenidae): correlations between butterfly density and host species diversity. Oecologia. 99:337-342.
  
  
• Carey C , Thompson EL , Vleck CM , James FC , 1982. Avian reproduction over an altitudinal gradient: incubation period, hatchling mass, and embryonic oxygen consumption. Auk. 99:710-718.
  
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• Carey C , 1980. The ecology of avian incubation. BioScience. 30:819-824.
  
  
• Carey C , 1978. Factors affecting body temperatures of toads. Oecologia. 35:197-219.
  
  
• Carey DB , Wink M , 1994. Elevational variation of quinolizidine alkaloid contents in a lupine (Lupinus argentus) of the Rocky Mountains. Journal of Chemical Ecology. Vol. 20 No. 4:849-857.
  
  [THESIS] Carey DB , 1992. Factors influencing host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies. 182 pages. Ph.D., University of Arizona, Tucson .
  
  
• Carey C , Garber SD , Thompson EL , James FC , 1983. Avian reproduction over an altitudinal gradient. II. Physical characteristics and water loss of eggs. Physiological Zoology. 56:340-352.
  
  
• Carey C , 1986. Tolerance of Variation in Eggshell Conductance, Water Loss, and Water Content by Red-Winged Blackbird Embryos. Physiological Zoology. Vol. 59 No. 1:109-122.
  
  
• Carey C , 1979. Aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during rest and activity in montane Bufo b. boreas and Rana pipiens. Oecologia. 39:213-228.
  
  
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• Inouye DW , 1977. Resource partitioning in bumblebees. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 85:253-254.
  
  
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• Watt WB , Boggs CL , 1987. Allelic isozymes as probes of the evolution of metabolic organization. Isozymes. 15:27-47.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1992. On the appropriateness of performance measures for studying the evolution of metabolism. Functional Ecology. 6:105-111.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1985. Bioenergetics and evolutionary genetics: opportunities for new synthesis. American Naturalist. 125:118-143.
  
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• Watt WB , 1977. Adaptation at specific loci. I. Natural selection on phosphoglucose isomerase of Colias butterflies: biochemical and population aspects. Genetics. 87:177-194.
  
  
• Watt WB , Han D , Tabashnik BE , 1979. Population structure of pierid butterflies. II. A "native" population of Colias philodice eriphyle in Colorado. Oecologia. 44:44-52.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1968. Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphism in Colias butterflies. I. Variation of melanin pigment in relation to thermoregulation. Evolution. 22:437-458.
  
  
• Watt WB , Chew FS , Snyder LRG , Watt AG , Rothschild DE , 1977. Population structure of pierid butterflies. I. Numbers and movements of some montane Colias species. Oecologia. 27:1-27.
  
  
• Watt WB , Carter PA , Blower SM , 1985. Adaptations at specific loci. IV. Differential mating success among glycolytic allozyme genotypes of Colias butterflies. Genetics. 109:157-173.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1994. Allozymes in evolutionary genetics: self-imposed burden or extraordinary tool?. Genetics. 136:11-16.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1991. Biochemistry, physiological ecology, and population genetics -- the mechanistic tools of evolutionary biology. Functional Ecology. 5:145-154.
  
  
• Watt WB , Wheat CW , Meyer EH , Martin JF , 2003. Adaptation at specific loci. VII. Natural selection, dispersal and the diversity of molecular-functional variation patterns among butterfly species complexes (Colias: Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Molecular Ecology. 12:1265-1275.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1983. Adaptation at specific loci. II. Demographic and biochemical elements in the maintenance of the Colias PGI polymorphism. Genetics. 103:691-724.
  
  
• Watt WB , Hoch PC , Mills G , 1974. Nectar resource use by Colias butterflies: chemical and visual aspects. Oecologia. 14:353-374.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1969. Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphism in Colias butterflies. II. Thermoregulation and photoperiodically controlled melanin variation in Colias eurytheme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 63:767-774.
  
  
• Watt WB , Dean AM , 2000. Molecular-functional studies of adaptive genetic variation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics. 34:593-622.
  
  
• Watt WB , Carter PA , Donohue K , 1986. Females' choice of "good genotypes" as mates is promoted by an insect mating system. Science. 233:1187-1190.
  
  
• Watt WB , 2000. Avoiding paradigm-based limits to knowledge of evolution. Evolutionary Biology. 32:73-96.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1992. Eggs, enzymes, and evolution - natural genetic variants change insect fecundity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89:10608-10612.
  
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• Watt WB , 1985. Allelic isozymes and the mechanistic study of evolution. Isozymes: Current Topics in Biological and Medical Research. 12:89-132.
  
  
• Watt WB , Kremen C , Carter PA , 1989. Testing the "mimicry" explanation for the Colias "alba" polymorphism: patterns of co-occurrence of Colias and Pierine butterflies. Functional Ecology. 3:193-199.
  
  
• Watt WB , 1973. Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphism in Colias butterflies. III. Progress in study of the "alba" variant. Evolution. 27:537-549.
  
  
• Watt WB , Donohue K , Carter PA , 1996. Adaptation at specific loci. VI. Divergence vs parallelism of polymorphic allozymes in molecular function and fitness-component effects among Colias species (Lepidoptera:Pieridae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13:699-709.
  
  
• Watt WB , Casin RC , Swan MS , 1983. Adaptation at specific loci. III. Field behavior and survivorship differences among Colias PGI genotypes are predictable from in vitro biochemistry. Genetics. 103:725-739.
  
  
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• Weiblen GD , Thomson JD , 1995. Seed dispersal in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Oecologia. 102:211-219.
  
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• Wheat CW , Watt WB , Boutwell CL , 2005. A reconnaissance of population genetic variation in artic and subarctic sulfur butterflies (Colias spp.; Lepidopetera, Pieridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83:1614-1623.
  
  
• Wheat CW , Watt WB , Pollock DD , Schulte PM , 2006. From DNA to fitness differences: sequences and structures of adaptive variants of Colias Phosphoglucose Isomerase (PGI). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23:499-512.
  
  
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• Wheye DR , Ehrlich PR , 1985. The use of fluorescent pigments to study insect behaviour: investigating mating patterns in a butterfly population. Ecological Entomology. 10:231-234.
  
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• Whiteman HH , 1997. Maintenance of polymorphism promoted by sex-specific fitness payoffs. Evolution. Vol. 51 No. 6:2039-2044.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , Sheen JP , Johnson E , VanDeusen A , Cargille RT , Sacco T , 2003. Heterospecific prey and trophic polyphenism in larval tiger salamanders. Copeia. 2003:56-67.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , 2004. Writing a RUI proposal: strategies for success. Council on Undergraduate Research Quarterly. 25:72-76.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , Gutrich JJ , Moorman RS , 1999. Courtship behavior in a polymorphic population of the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 33 No. 2:348-351.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , Wissinger SA , Bohonak AJ , 1994. Seasonal movement patterns in a subalpine population of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72:1780-1787.
  
  [THESIS] Whiteman HH , 1994. Evolution of alternative life histories in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. 141 pages. Ph.D., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN .
  
  [CHAPTER] Whiteman HH , Wissinger SA , 2004. Multiple Hypotheses for Population Fluctuations: The Importance of Long-Term Data Sets for Amphibian Conservation. In: Declining Amphibians: A United States' Response to the Global Problem. (Eds:Lanoo M). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 337-351.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , Wissinger SA , Brown WS , 1996. Growth and foraging consequences of facultative paedomorphosis in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. Evolutionary Ecology. 10:433-446.
  
  
• Whiteman HH , 1994. Evolution of Facultative Paedomorphosis in Salamanders. Quarterly Review of Biology. Vol. 69 No. 2:205-221.
  
  
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• Willems NJ , Armitage KB , 1975. Thermoregulation and water requirements in semiarid and montane populations of the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus. III. Acclimatization at a high ambient temperature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 52A:121-128.
  
  
• Willems NJ , Armitage KB , 1975. Thermoregulation and water requirements in semiarid and montane populations of the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus. I. Metabolic rate and body temperature. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 51A:717-722.
  
  
• Willems NJ , Armitage KB , 1975. Thermoregulation and water requirements in semiarid and montane populations of the least chipmunk, Eutamias minimus. II. Water balance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 52A:109-120.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1971. Barriers to gene flow in natural populations of grasshoppers. II. Maintenance of narrow hybrid-zones between morphs of Arphia conspersa on Black Mesa, Colorado. Psyche. 78:330-349.
  
  
• Willey RL , Wibel RG , 1985. A cytostome/cytopharynx in green euglenoid flagellates (Euglenales) and its phylogenetic implications. BioSystems. 18:369-376.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1967. Barriers to gene flow in natural populations of grasshoppers. I. The Black Canyon of the Gunnison River and Arphia conspersa. Psyche. 74:45-57.
  
  
• Willey RL , Cantrell PA , Threlkeld ST , 1990. Epibiotic euglenoid flagellates increase the susceptibility of some zooplankton to fish predation. Limnology and Oceanography. 35:952-959.
  
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• Willey RL , 1982. The synonomy of Colacium calvum Stein and Colacium physeter Fott (Euglenophyceae). Phycologia. 21:173-177.
  
  
• Willey RL , 1972. The damselfly hindgut (Odonata) as a host organ for the euglenoid Colacium. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 91:585-593.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1971. The behavioural ecology of desert grasshoppers. II. Communication in Trimerotropis agrestis. Animal Behaviour. 19:26-33.
  
  
• Willey RL , Wibel RG , 1985. The reservoir cytoskeleton and a possible cytostomal homologue in Colacium (Euglenophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 21:570-577.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1969. Visual and acoustical social displays by the grasshopper Arphia conspersa (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Psyche. 76:280-305.
  
  
• Willey RL , Eiler HE , 1972. Drought resistance in subalpine nymphs of Somatochlora semicircularis Selys (Odonata: Corduliidae). American Midland Naturalist. 87:215-221.
  
  
• Willey RB , Richards RE , 1981. Vocalizations of the ringtail (Bassariscus astutus). Southwestern Naturalist. 26:23-30.
  
  
• Willey RL , 1984. Fine structure of the mucocysts of Colacium calvum (Euglenophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 20:426-430.
  
  
• Willey RB , 1975. Slowed motion analysis of sound production in the grasshopper, Arphia sulphurea (Acrididae: Dedipodinae). Psyche. 82:324-340.
  
  
• Willey RL , 1974. Emergence patterns of the subalpine dragonfly Somatochlora semicircularis (Odonata: Corduliidae). Psyche. 81:121-133.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1964. Social interaction among adults of the grasshopper Arphia conspersa. American Zoologist. 4:163.
  
  
• Willey RL , Willey RB , Threlkeld ST , 1993. Planktivore effects on zooplankton epibiont communities: epibiont pigmentation effects. Limnology and Oceanography. 38:1818-1822.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1970. The behavioural ecology of desert grasshoppers. I. Presumed sex-role reversal in flight displays of Trimerotropis agrestis. Animal Behaviour. 18:473-477.
  
  
• Willey RL , Threlkeld ST , 1993. Organization of crustacean epizoan communities in a change of subalpine ponds. Limnology and Oceanography. 38:623-627.
  
  
• Willey RB , Willey RL , 1963. Range extension of Colorado Cyphoderris (Orthoptera: Prophalangopsidae). Entomological News. 74:200-201.
  
  
• Willey RL , Bowen WR , Durban E , 1970. Symbiosis between Euglena and damselfly nymphs is seasonal. Science. 170:80-81.
  
  
• Willey R , Horn S , Inouye BD , 1989. Survey of Reproducing Populations Containing Neotenic Morphs of the Salamander, Ambystoma Tigrinum nebulosum, in the Gunnison Basin of Colorado. . 0:.
  
  [CHAPTER] Willey RB , 1985. Arphia conspersa. In: Handbook of Insect Rearing. 1 (Eds:Singh P,Moore RF). Elsevier, New York. 435-439.
  
  
• Willey RL , 1980. Proposed new identification character for the genus Colacium (Euglenophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 16:143-146.
  
  
• Willey RL , 1969. Sound location of insects by the dwarf weasel. American Midland Naturalist. 84:563-564.
  
  
• Williams MC , Lichtwardt RW , 1999. Two new Harpellales living in Ephemeroptera nymphs in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams. Mycologia. 2:400-404.
  
  
• Williams CF , Ruvinsky J , Scott PE , Hews PK , 2001. Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) species. American Journal of Botany. 88:1623-1633.
  
  
• Williams CF , Waser NM , 1999. Spatial genetic structure of Delphinium nuttallianum populations: inferences about gene flow. Heredity. 83:541-550.
  
  
• Williams MC , Lichtwardt RW , 1987. Three new species of smittium (trichomycetes) with notes on range extensions. Mycologica. 79:832-838.
  
  
• Williams KS , Lincoln DE , Ehrlich PR , 1983. The coevolution of Euphydryas chalcedona butterflies and their larval host plants. II. Maternal and host plant effects on larval growth, development, and food-use efficiency. Oecologia. 56:330-335.
  
  
• Williams EH , Holdren CE , Ehrlich PR , 1984. The life history and ecology of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 38:1-12.
  
  
• Williams MC , Lichtwardt RW , 1987. Two new trichomycete species from Zapada spp. (Stonefly) nymphs with an unusual distribution. Mycologica. 79:473-478.
  
  
• Williams CF , Kuchenreuther MA , Drew A , 2000. Floral dimorphism, pollination, and self-fertilization in gynodioecious Geranium richardsonii (Geraniaceae). American Journal of Botany. 87:661-669.
  
  
• Wilson P , Thomson JD , 1991. Heterogeneity among floral visitors leads to discordance between removal and deposition of pollen. Ecology. 72:1503-1507.
  
  
• Wilson P , Thomson JD , 1994. Beyond floral Batemania: sexual selection on pollination success. American Naturalist. 143:283-296.
  
  
• Wilson BE , Deeb S , Florant GL , 1992. Seasonal changes in hormone-sensitive and lipoprotein lipase mRNA concentrations in marmot white adipose tissue. American Journal of Physiology. 262:R177-R181.
  
  
• Wink M , Carey DB , 1994. Variability of quinolizidine alkaloid profiles of Lupinus argenteus (Fabaceae) from North America. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. Vol. 22 No. 7:663-669.
  
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• Wissinger SA , Whiteman HH , 1992. Fluctuation in a Rocky Mountain population of salamanders: anthropogenic acidification or natural variation?. Journal of Herpetology. 26:377-391.
  
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• Wissinger SA , Brown WS , Jannot JE , 2003. Caddisfly life histories along permanence gradients in high-altitude wetlands in Colorado (U.S.A.). Freshwater Biology. Vol. 48 No. 2:255-270. [PDF File]
  
  
• Wissinger SA , 1997. Cyclic Colonization in Predictably Ephemeral Habitats: A Template for Biological Control in Annual Crop Systems. Biological Control. 10:4-15.
  
  
• Wissinger SA , McGrady J , 1993. Intraguild predation and competition between larval dragonflies: direct and indirect effects on shared prey. Ecology. 74:207-218.
  
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• Wissinger SA , Eldmire C , Whissel JC , 2004. The role of larval cases in reducing aggression and cannibalism among caddisflies in temporary wetlands. Wetlands. 24:777-783.
  
  
• Wissinger SA , Whiteman HH , Sparks GB , Rouse GL , Brown WS , 1999. Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands. Ecology. 80:2102-2116. [Abstract]
  
  
• Wissinger SA , Sparks GB , Rouse GL , Brown WS , Steltzer H , 1996. Intraguild predation and cannibalism among larvae of detritivorous caddisflies in subalpine wetlands. Ecology. Vol. 77 No. 8:2421-2430.
  
  
• Wissinger SA , 1992. Niche overlap and the potential for competition and intraguild predation between size-structured populations. Ecology. 73:1431-1444.
  
  
• Wissinger SA , Steinmetz J , Alexander JS , Brown W , 2004. Larval cannibalism, time constraints, and adult fitness in caddisflies that inhabit temporary wetlands. Oecologia. 138:39-47. [PDF File]
  
  
• Wolf PG , Campbell DR , 1995. Hierarchical analysis of allozymic and morphometric variation in a montane herb, Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). Journal of Heredity. 86:386-394.
  
  
• Wolf PG , Campbell DR , Waser NM , Sipes SD , Toler TR , Archibald JK , 2001. Tests of pre- and postpollination barriers to hybridization between sympatric species of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany. 88:213-219.
  
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• Woods BC , Armitage KB , 2003. The effect of food supplementation on juvenile growth and survival in Marmota flaviventris. Journal of Mammaology. 84:903-914.
  
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• Wu CA , Campbell DR , 2005. Cytoplasmic and nuclear markers reveal contrasting patterns of spatial genetic structure in a natural Ipomopsis hybrid zone. Molecular Ecology. Vol. 14 No. 3:781-792. [PDF File]
  
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• Zanatell BA , Peckarsky BL , 1996. Stoneflies as ecological engineers - hungry predators reduce fine sediments in stream beds. Freshwater Biology. 36:569-577.
  
  
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• Zimmerman M , Cibula D , Schulte B , 1984. Oviposition Behavior of Hylemya(Delia)sp. (Diptera:Anthomyiidae): Suboptimal Host Plant Choice?. Environmental Entomology. 13:696-700.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1983. Calculating nectar production rates: residual nectar and optimal foraging. Oecologia. 58:258-259.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1982. The effect of nectar production on neighborhood size. Oecologia. 52:104-108.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1980. Reproduction in Polymonium: pre-dispersal seed predation. Ecology. 61:502-506.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1979. Oviposition behavior and the existence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone in Hylemya. Environmental Entomology. 8:277-279.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , Gross RS , 1984. The relationship between flowering phenology and seed set in an herbaceous perennial plant, Polymonium foliosissimum Gray. American Midland Naturalist. 111:185-191.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1983. Plant reproduction and optimal foraging: experimental nectar manipulations in Delphinium nelsonii. Oikos. 41:57-63.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1982. Optimal foraging: random movement by pollen collecting bumblebees. Oecologia. 53:394-398.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1981. Optimal foraging, plant density and the marginal value theorem. Oecologia. 49:148-153.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1980. Selective deposition of an oviposition-deterring pheromone by Hylemya. Environmental Entomology. 9:321-324.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , Pleasants J , 1982. Competition among pollinators: quantification of available resources. Oikos. 38:381-383.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1984. Reproduction in Polymonium: a five year study of seed production and implications for competition for pollinator service. Oikos. 42:225-228.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1982. Facultative deposition of an oviposition-deterring pheromone by Hylemya. Environmental Entomology. 11:519-522.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1981. Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: probable causes. Oecologia. 49:154-157.
  
  
• Zimmerman M , 1980. Reproduction in Polymonium: competition for pollinators. Ecology. 61:497-501.